ODEs that are linear involve only state variables, derivatives of the state variables, constants times those things, and constants by themselves
No powers, no products, and no transcendentals
The first equation has a power in it, so it is nonlinear
The second equation has only state variables, and constants times state variables, and derivatives of state variables in it
So that is a linear ODE
The third one has a product of a state variable and a derivative of a state variable, which makes it nonlinear
And the fourth one has a transcendental function in it, making it, too, nonlinear
Nonlinearity is a necessary condition for chaos; that is, all chaotic systems are nonlinear
It is not a sufficient condition; that is, there are some nonlinear systems that are not chaotic
What that means is that that is the arrow that goes where the question marks are
If nonlinearity were a necessary and sufficient condition for chaos, you would use a bidirectional arrow
And if all nonlinear systems were necessarily chaotic, youd use the other arrow